The TIP122G is a 100V/5A NPN Darlington transistor, a high-gain switch ideal for allowing a microcontroller to control heavy loads such as motors, solenoids, or LEDs.
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Have you ever tried to power a motor, solenoid, high-power LED strip, or relay directly from your Arduino or Raspberry Pi? You quickly find out that your microcontroller's pin can only supply a tiny amount of current, while these "heavy" loads demand full Amps to work.
The TIP122G is the classic, go-to solution for bridging this exact gap. It's a high-power NPN Darlington transistor, which acts as a simple, high-current switch that your microcontroller can control.
A Darlington transistor is essentially two transistors in one package. This gives it an incredibly high DC Current Gain (hFE)—in this case, a minimum of 1000.
What this means for you: An absolutely tiny, safe, logic-level signal (like the 3.3V or 5V from your microcontroller pin) can be used to control a much, much larger load. This transistor is designed explicitly for general-purpose amplification and low-speed switching, making it an ideal digital "on/off" switch for your large-scale projects.
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