Logic modules extend the capabilities of micro‑controllers and single‑board computers by adding extra digital pins, multiplexed connections and safe voltage translation. I/O expanders use a pair of I²C lines to provide additional general‑purpose inputs and outputs, while multiplexers resolve address conflicts and allow many sensors or devices to share a bus. Shift registers enable serial‑to‑parallel conversion for driving larger arrays of LEDs or reading multiple switches with minimal pins. Level‑translator boards bridge differing voltage domains, ensuring reliable communication between 3.3 V and 5 V parts without signal distortion. Opto‑isolators provide electrical separation between control circuitry and high‑power loads, protecting delicate components from spikes. All of these devices are designed for straightforward wiring, robust operation and compatibility with common development ecosystems.
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