UART

Serial communication using UART is the backbone of many embedded and robotics projects, providing a simple, bidirectional link between microcontrollers, sensors, and host computers. Converters that shift between RS‑232 and TTL levels let legacy devices talk to modern logic, while breakout boards expose full pin‑outs and optional hardware handshaking for reliable data flow. Connectors such as right‑angle DE9 sockets offer robust mechanical mounting on PCBs, and adapters that translate between surface‑mount and through‑hole packages simplify prototyping across different component footprints. USB‑to‑UART cables and modules add convenient PC interfaces, often with selectable 3.3 V or 5 V logic and power delivery options. Key attributes to consider include voltage compatibility, pin count, form factor, and the presence of handshaking signals, all of which affect integration ease and overall system stability.